Background & Aims The nurse’, s ability to make an effective clinical decision affects the quality of care and differentiates professional nurses from non-professional ones. Many individual and organizational factors affect clinical decision-making of nurses. This study aims to examine the relationship between participation in clinical decision-making and organizational culture of nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) of selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study. Participants were 317 nurses working in the ICUs of hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, who were selected with proportional stratified sampling and sequential sampling methods. The data collection tools were the clinical decisionmaking questionnaire of Kyalo (2008) and the organizational culture assessment instrument of Cameron and Quinn (1990). The obtained data was analyzed in SPSS statistical software, version16. Descriptive indices (Mean±, SD, frequency, percentage) were used to describe the data, and Pearson’, s correlation test, independent t-test, and chi-square test were used to examine the relationships between the study variables. Results Among nurses, 88. 5% were female, 86. 5% had a bachelor’, s level, and 39. 6% were working in the ICU general. Their mean age was 34. 65 years, and their mean nursing experience and the work experience in the ICU was 10. 38 and 7. 25 years, respectively. The mean score of clinical decision-making was 70. 16±, 11. 65, which was higher than the cutoff point (>54), indicating that the participation of nurses in clinical decision-making was high. The dominant organizational culture in the current situation was the market culture. In the preferred situation, the organizational dominant culture was the clan culture. Organizational culture in the current situation had no significant relationship with clinical decision-making (P=0. 13), but this relationship was significant in the preferred situation (P=0. 014). Clinical decision-making in nurses with clan culture was significantly higher than in those with market culture (P=0. 013). Conclusion The current organizational culture in the selected hospitals is different from their preferred organizational culture. Despite the significance of relationship between ICU nurses’,participation in clinical decision-making and organizational culture in the preferred situation, the relationship is weak. More studies are needed with a larger sample size. Considering that the clan culture is the preferred culture, planning is needed to establish the clan culture in the hospitals to increase the participation of ICU nurses in clinical decision-making.

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), which emerged in late 2019, has spread throughout the world as a widely known pandemic, claiming over 3 million lives as of April 2021. 1 The chaos resulting from the spread of this infectious disease caused great uncertainty and an urgent need to find an effective treatment. However, the issue in handling COVID-19 patients is limiting the number of patient care services available. During the COVID-19 pandemic, palliative care has received significant public attention. 2 The COVID-19 patients with certain conditions who do not meet Intensive Care Unit criteria can alternatively expect palliative care. Palliative care is handled by the Hospital Palliative Care Team, which offers decision-making support and psychosocial care for patients and their families...

Objective: The human decision-making process is complex and influenced by various factors. Investors' emotional decisions cause stock prices to deviate from real ones, leading to incorrect stock pricing and consequently inefficient investment. In response to criticisms of traditional financial theories, behavioral finance seeks to explain the anomalies in financial markets by considering the fact that investors are not entirely rational and their behavioral biases influence their decisions. Due to the necessity of the subject and the lack of a comprehensive model that shows the factors influencing the decision-making of investors in the Iranian capital market, the present study developed this model. Methods: The multi-grounded theory method was used in the current study. In-depth semi-structured interviews with professional experts were arranged to collect data. The statistical population of the present study included individual investors active in the Iranian capital market. The process of conducting interviews, analyzing them, and presenting the model started in March 2019 and continued by the end of 2021. Finally, 67 main categories and 218 concepts were extracted from conducted interviews that formed the overall model of the research. Results: Causal factors which influence investors’ decision making include: regret aversion, greed, fear, cognitive dissonance, reputation, anchoring, self-attribution biases, loss aversion, gambling pleasure, investment thinking, herding behavior, endowment bias, representativeness biases, false excitement, overconfidence biases, hindsight bias, regency bias, mental accounting, illusion of control bias, trading asymmetry, similarity error, magnet effect, gambler's fallacy, motivation, time horizon, first profit effect, experience, age, gender, are analyzed. Conclusion: Based on the research results, individual investors can improve the quality of their decision-making and make more effective investment decisions by implementing the presented strategies, and also by identifying and reducing their mental biases. These strategies include self-analysis, note-taking, capital market knowledge, concentration, holistic, patience, acceptance, mistakes review, self-reliance, consulting, openness to criticism, flexibility, study, diversification, and distract.